Solar eclipses are special! They break the routine of the day to remind us of the skies. In fact, there is a solar eclipse on April 8th, that will be visible in North America. But solar eclipses have played a crucial role in history of science. In particular, in the discovery of helium and in providence supporting evidence for Einstein's General Theory of Relativity. Please join astrophysicist Salman Hameed in this episode of Kainaati Gup Shup. For more information about Kainaat Videos: https://www.kainaatstudios.com/ Please subscribe to our channel for Kids here: https://www.youtube.com/@KainaatKids And please subscribe to our English channel here: https://www.youtube.com/@kainaatastronomyinenglish For more information about Kainaat Videos: Official Website: https://www.kainaatstudios.com/ LinkTree (All Links in ONE): https://linktr.ee/kainaatstudios Kainaat Studios's Social Media Portfolio (Follow us): Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/kainaatstudios Twitter: https://twitter.com/KainaatStudios Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/kainaatstudios/ Linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/company/kainaat Salman Hameed has a PhD in astronomy and is Charles Taylor Chair and Professor of Integrated Science & Humanities at Hampshire College, and a member of the Five College Astronomy Department (FCAD) in Massachusetts, USA. He is also the CEO of the non-profit Kainaat Studios Credits: Written & Hosted by: Salman Hameed Edited by: Shehryar Shaikh Music: “Kainaat” by Umer Piracha Subtitles by: DigiCircle Images: NASA, Wikipedia, ESA, ESO, American Astronomical Society, National Geographic Galactic Orbiters (Founding Supporters): Sahr Foundation Qazi Family Foundation PixelEdge Stellar Orbiters: Dr. Zafar Iqbal & Dr. Mehr Iqbal Ashraf Qazi Aimen Khan Slavena Emilova Molle Abid & Farah Donation Fund AIIR Foundation Space Orbiters: Dr. Abdul Nadir Dr. Asad Ansari Dr. Salman Mallick Dr. Tariq Hameed Asif Alam Zubair Faiz Dr. Kamran Manzoor Dr. Arsalan Malik Junaid Qurashi Thank you to all our other monthly donors as well! If you want to donate, please visit https://www.kainaatstudios.com/donate

We know today that our universe is huge and that it contains more than a hundred billion galaxies! But this view of the universe is only a hundred years old. What is fascinating is that a particular type of star, called Cepheids, is primarily responsible for the change of our view. In this episode of Kainaati Gup Shup, astrophysicist Salman Hameed discuss why Cepheids played such a central role in this episode of Kainaati Gup Shup. For more information about Kainaat Videos: https://www.kainaatstudios.com/ Please subscribe to our channel for Kids here: https://www.youtube.com/@KainaatKids And please subscribe to our English channel here: https://www.youtube.com/@kainaatastronomyinenglish For more information about Kainaat Videos: Official Website: https://www.kainaatstudios.com/ LinkTree (All Links in ONE): https://linktr.ee/kainaatstudios Kainaat Studios's Social Media Portfolio (Follow us): Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/kainaatstudios Twitter: https://twitter.com/KainaatStudios Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/kainaatstudios/ Linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/company/kainaat Salman Hameed has a PhD in astronomy and is Charles Taylor Chair and Professor of Integrated Science & Humanities at Hampshire College, and a member of the Five College Astronomy Department (FCAD) in Massachusetts, USA. He is also the CEO of the non-profit Kainaat Studios Credits: Written & Hosted by: Salman Hameed Edited by: Shehryar Shaikh Music: “Kainaat” by Umer Piracha Subtitles by: DigiCircle Images: NASA, Wikipedia, ESA, ESO, Shutterstock, JPL, Science Photo Library Galactic Orbiters (Founding Supporters): Sahr Foundation Qazi Family Foundation PixelEdge Stellar Orbiters: Dr. Zafar Iqbal & Dr. Mehr Iqbal Ashraf Qazi Aimen Khan Slavena Emilova Molle Abid & Farah Donation Fund AIIR Foundation Space Orbiters: Dr. Abdul Nadir Dr. Asad Ansari Dr. Salman Mallick Dr. Tariq Hameed Asif Alam Zubair Faiz Dr. Kamran Manzoor Dr. Arsalan Malik Junaid Qurashi Thank you to all our other monthly donors as well! If you want to donate, please visit https://www.kainaatstudios.com/donate Chapters: 00:00 - Intro 01:51 - Center of solar system 04:29 - Center of Galaxy 06:10 - Battle of understanding galaxies 08:55 - Cepheid Variable star 11:10 - Magellanic clouds 13:00 - Leavitt's law 15:37- Inverse Square law 17:30 - Distance to Andromeda galaxy

When large stars die, they end up as a blackhole. We know this as one of the ways to form a blackhole. But there has been a puzzle. How do you form supermassive blackholes that exist at the center of almost all galaxies? Now, theoretical models and observations from James Webb Space Telescope strongly hit at a different way to to form blackholes - this time without the involvement of stars! Please join astrophysicist Salman Hameed in discussing this mechanism in this episode of Kainaati Gup Shup. Helpful Sources about this video: FirstDetection of an OverMassive Black Hole Galaxy UHZ1: Evidence for Heavy Black Hole Seed Formation from Direct Collapse: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2308.02654.pdf For more information about Kainaat Videos: https://www.kainaatstudios.com/ Please subscribe to our channel for Kids here: https://www.youtube.com/@KainaatKids And please subscribe to our English channel here: https://www.youtube.com/@kainaatastronomyinenglish For more information about Kainaat Videos: Official Website: https://www.kainaatstudios.com/ LinkTree (All Links in ONE): https://linktr.ee/kainaatstudios Kainaat Studios's Social Media Portfolio (Follow us): Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/kainaatstudios Twitter: https://twitter.com/KainaatStudios Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/kainaatstudios/ Linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/company/kainaat Salman Hameed has a PhD in astronomy and is Charles Taylor Chair and Professor of Integrated Science & Humanities at Hampshire College, and a member of the Five College Astronomy Department (FCAD) in Massachusetts, USA. He is also the CEO of the non-profit Kainaat Studios Credits: Written & Hosted by: Salman Hameed Edited by: Shehryar Shaikh Music: “Kainaat” by Umer Piracha Subtitles by: DigiCircle Images: NASA, Wikipedia, ESA, ESO, Shutterstock, JPL, Science Photo Library, Quanta Magazine, Wired Magazine Galactic Orbiters (Founding Supporters): Sahr Foundation Qazi Family Foundation PixelEdge Stellar Orbiters: Dr. Zafar Iqbal & Dr. Mehr Iqbal Ashraf Qazi Aimen Khan Slavena Emilova Molle Abid & Farah Donation Fund AIIR Foundation Space Orbiters: Dr. Abdul Nadir Dr. Asad Ansari Dr. Salman Mallick Dr. Tariq Hameed Asif Alam Zubair Faiz Dr. Kamran Manzoor Dr. Arsalan Malik Junaid Qurashi Thank you to all our other monthly donors as well! If you want to donate, please visit https://www.kainaatstudios.com/donate

Are we on the verge of discovering new physics or is this a modest debate within cosmology that is hyped up by headlines? The issue at the center is the expansion rate of the universe. Two different methods give two different answers. There should just be one answer. This is called "Hubble Tension". Please join astrophysicist Salman Hameed in this episode of Kainaati Gup Shup to discuss this and how to think about it? Useful sources: For more detailed explanation, please see: The “crisis in cosmology” is pure exaggeration https://medium.com/starts-with-a-bang/the-crisis-in-cosmology-is-pure-exaggeration-f27eb59af4ba How Does The CMB Reveal The Hubble Constant? https://www.forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2021/01/15/ask-ethan-how-does-the-cmb-reveal-the-hubble-constant/ Cool Worlds podcast: Wendy Freedman - The Crisis in Cosmology, Standard Candles, Future of Cosmology https://youtu.be/Iva024YXSAA?si=Ag3DxuOpTQR4G619 For more information about Kainaat Videos: https://www.kainaatstudios.com/ Please subscribe to our channel for Kids here: https://www.youtube.com/@KainaatKids And please subscribe to our English channel here: https://www.youtube.com/@kainaatastronomyinenglish For more information about Kainaat Videos: https://www.kainaatstudios.com/ Salman Hameed has a PhD in astronomy and is Charles Taylor Chair and Professor of Integrated Science & Humanities at Hampshire College, and a member of the Five College Astronomy Department (FCAD) in Massachusetts, USA. He is also the CEO of the non-profit Kainaat Studios Credits: Written & Hosted by: Salman Hameed Edited by: Shehryar Shaikh Music: “Kainaat” by Umer Piracha Subtitles by: DigiCircle Images: NASA, Wikipedia, ESA, ESO, Shutterstock, JPL, Science Photo Library, Quanta Magazine, Wired Magazine Galactic Orbiters (Founding Supporters): Sahr Foundation Qazi Family Foundation PixelEdge Stellar Orbiters: Dr. Zafar Iqbal & Dr. Mehr Iqbal Ashraf Qazi Aimen Khan Slavena Emilova Molle Abid & Farah Donation Fund AIIR Foundation Space Orbiters: Dr. Abdul Nadir Dr. Asad Ansari Dr. Salman Mallick Dr. Tariq Hameed Asif Alam Zubair Faiz Dr. Kamran Manzoor Dr. Arsalan Malik Junaid Qurashi Thank you to all our other monthly donors as well! If you want to donate, please visit https://www.kainaatstudios.com/donate

The ozone layer is crucial for life. Its formation allowed life to evolve from oceans to live on land, resulting in complex lifeforms such as mammals. But we know that the ozone layer is also fragile. Some of the ozone layer was damaged by chemicals used by humans. But in a fascinating study, now we know that a star that exploded almost 2 billion light years away, also briefly damaged the ozone in our atmosphere. Please join astrophysicist Salman Hameed in this episode of Kainaati Gup Shup to talk about this supernova and the resulting gamma ray burst that impacted the ozone layer. Reference article: Piersanti, M., Ubertini, P., Battiston, R. et al. Evidence of an upper ionospheric electric field perturbation correlated with a gamma ray burst. Nat Commun 14, 7013 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-42551-5 We know that the Moon formed when a Mars-sized protoplanet, Theia, slammed into Earth about 4.5 billion years ago. But what happened to Theia? A new study published in the journal Nature suggests that the remnants of Theia are inside the Earth. Please join astrophysicist Salman Hameed in this episode of Kainaati Gup Shup to talk about Theia and the origins of our Moon. Reference article: Yuan, Q., Li, M., Desch, S.J. et al. Moon-forming impactor as a source of Earth’s basal mantle anomalies. Nature 623, 95–99 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06589-1 High resolution collision simulations mentioned in the video: https://icc.dur.ac.uk/giant_impacts/ Kainaati Gup Shup on How Did Our Moon Form? https://youtu.be/10ycQ8ZAQ9s?si=gefreHyZpyVxIr3T For more information about Kainaat Videos: https://www.kainaatstudios.com/ Please subscribe to our channel for Kids here: https://www.youtube.com/@KainaatKids And please subscribe to our English channel here: https://www.youtube.com/@kainaatastronomyinenglish For more information about Kainaat Videos: https://www.kainaatstudios.com/ Salman Hameed has a PhD in astronomy and is Charles Taylor Chair and Professor of Integrated Science & Humanities at Hampshire College, and a member of the Five College Astronomy Department (FCAD) in Massachusetts, USA. He is also the CEO of the non-profit Kainaat Studios Credits: Written & Hosted by: Salman Hameed Edited by: Shehryar Shaikh Music: “Kainaat” by Umer Piracha Subtitles by: DigiCircle Images: NASA, JPL, Wikipedia, Nature, Reuters, ESA, Cambridge University Major Support Provided by: Sahr Foundation Dr. Zafar Iqbal & Dr. Mehr Iqbal PixelEdge Aimen Khan Slavena Emilova Molle AIIR Foundation Our Space Orbiter Donors: Dr. Abdul Nadir Dr. Asad Ansari Dr. Salman Mallick Dr. Tariq Hameed Asif Alam Zubair Faiz Dr. Kamran Manzoor Dr. Arsalan Malik Junaid Qurashi Thank you to all our other monthly donors as well! If you want to donate, please visit https://www.kainaatstudios.com/donate

We know that the Moon formed when a Mars-sized protoplanet, Theia, slammed into Earth about 4.5 billion years ago. But what happened to Theia? A new study published in the journal Nature suggests that the remnants of Theia are inside the Earth. Please join astrophysicist Salman Hameed in this episode of Kainaati Gup Shup to talk about Theia and the origins of our Moon. Reference article: Yuan, Q., Li, M., Desch, S.J. et al. Moon-forming impactor as a source of Earth’s basal mantle anomalies. Nature 623, 95–99 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06589-1 High resolution collision simulations mentioned in the video: https://icc.dur.ac.uk/giant_impacts/ Kainaati Gup Shup on How Did Our Moon Form? https://youtu.be/10ycQ8ZAQ9s?si=gefreHyZpyVxIr3T For more information about Kainaat Videos: https://www.kainaatstudios.com/ Please subscribe to our channel for Kids here: https://www.youtube.com/@KainaatKids And please subscribe to our English channel here: https://www.youtube.com/@kainaatastronomyinenglish For more information about Kainaat Videos: https://www.kainaatstudios.com/ Salman Hameed has a PhD in astronomy and is Charles Taylor Chair and Professor of Integrated Science & Humanities at Hampshire College, and a member of the Five College Astronomy Department (FCAD) in Massachusetts, USA. He is also the CEO of the non-profit Kainaat Studios Credits: Written & Hosted by: Salman Hameed Edited by: Shehryar Shaikh Music: “Kainaat” by Umer Piracha Subtitles by: DigiCircle Images: NASA, JPL, AGU, Wikipedia, Nature, Hernán Cañellas, Jacob Kegerreis et al, Quan et al. Major Support Provided by: Sahr Foundation Dr. Zafar Iqbal & Dr. Mehr Iqbal PixelEdge Aimen Khan Slavena Emilova Molle AIIR Foundation Our Space Orbiter Donors: Dr. Abdul Nadir Dr. Asad Ansari Dr. Salman Mallick Dr. Tariq Hameed Asif Alam Zubair Faiz Dr. Kamran Manzoor Dr. Arsalan Malik Junaid Qurashi Thank you to all our other monthly donors as well! If you want to donate, please visit https://www.kainaatstudios.com/donate